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Shishman, Despot of Vidin ((ブルガリア語:Шишман); fl. 1270s/1280s — before 1308/1313) was a Bulgarian noble (boyar) who ruled a semi-independent realm based out of the Danubian fortress of Vidin in the late 13th and early 14th century. Shishman, who was bestowed the title of "despot" by Bulgarian emperor George Terter I, was a Cuman,〔István Vásáry, ''Cumans and Tatars Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans 1185-1365'', Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.107.〕 and may have been established as lord of Vidin as early as the 1270s. In 1291, he came under Tatar suzerainty and in 1292 he was in charge of an unsuccessful campaign against neighbouring Serbia. Even though the Serbs captured Vidin in their counter-offensive, perhaps thanks to Tatar influence Shishman was placed once more as the ruler of the region, this time as a Serbian vassal. However, he continued to rule his lands largely independently. As his son and successor as despot of Vidin Michael Shishman acceded to the Bulgarian throne in 1323, Shishman was the progenitor of the last medieval Bulgarian royal dynasty, the Shishman dynasty. ==Bulgarian despot and Tatar suzerainty== Shishman's early life and rise through the ranks of the Bulgarian nobility are poorly documented. However, he is considered to have been a descendant of the wave of Cumans that settled in Bulgaria after 1241, when ethnic conflicts with the Hungarians caused them to leave the Kingdom of Hungary.〔Vásáry, p. 65〕 It has been accepted in Bulgarian historiography that Shishman's first wife was an unnamed daughter of Anna–Theodora and ''sebastokrator'' Peter and thus a granddaughter of Emperor Ivan Asen II (r. 1218–1241) of the Asen dynasty.〔Андреев, p. 21〕〔Божилов, pp. 112–113〕 In contemporary sources, Shishman is variously described as a prince (knyaz), king or even emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria, though his only official title was that of "despot".〔Андреев, p. 395〕 According to historian John V. A. Fine, Shishman may have established his authority over the Vidin region as early as the 1270s, after the death of the previous lord of that area, Jacob Svetoslav.〔Fine, p. 220〕 He was perhaps elevated to the position of despot of Vidin soon after the accession of another Bulgarian noble of Cuman origin, George Terter I (r. 1280–1292), to the Bulgarian throne in 1280.〔 Shishman was likely a close relative, perhaps even a brother, of George Terter I.〔Павлов〕 Shishman's domain comprised "much of the Bulgarian land" as well as "adjacent countries", as reported by the account of Serbian archbishop Danilo.〔Vásáry, p. 107〕 Indeed, his lands constituted the largest autonomous region of Bulgaria at the time.〔Бакалов〕 Bulgarian historian Yordan Andreev estimates the lands ruled by Shishman to have extended from the Iron Gates gorge of the Danube in the west to the towns of Lom and Vratsa in the east. Shishman also controlled territories north of the Danube, in western Wallachia (Oltenia), as chroniclers describe the Danube River as running through the middle of his lands.〔 In 1285, increasing Tatar pressure from the northeast had forced the Second Bulgarian Empire to come under the political dependence of Nogai Khan, the ruler of the Golden Horde.〔Vásáry, p. 88〕 At the time Shishman's realm centred at Vidin was largely independent from the Bulgarian tsars in Tarnovo, though he retained a degree of loyalty to Bulgaria and maintained friendly relations with Serbia. However, in 1291 Shishman too was forced to acknowledge the suzerainty of Nogai in order to counter the increasing Serbian pressure from the west. In the same year, the joint forces of Hungarian vassal Stephen Dragutin and Serbian king Stephen Milutin (r. 1280–1321) had managed to oust two Cuman–Bulgarian nobles and allies of Shishman, Darman and Kudelin, who were in control of the Braničevo region.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shishman of Vidin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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